However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 2003;41:26887. 2006;27:295306. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). [42] found similar results. Cobb et al. J Environ Health. World J Biol Chem. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Motawi et al. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Thus, Cosquer et al. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Cookies policy. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Google Scholar. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Harris KM. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Qutob et al. CAS In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Front Neurosci. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. 2001;93:2037. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. PubMed [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. 2014;9:e95503. . Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Zhang et al. Wang Q, Cao Z. 1999;4:102. 2013;73:4737. 2014;8:63. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. PubMed 2001;12:72931. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Article 2009;158:12639. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2011;31:2293301. Acta Pharmacol Sin. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Part of J Radiat Proc. 2008;49:16370. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Article J Med Food. 2006;27:11926. Merola et al. 2008;22:9927. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Qiao et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Pathophysiology. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Google Scholar. Behav Brain Res. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). statement and However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Biochem J. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2013;34:58998. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Bioelectromagnetics. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2016;74:99107. Microwave Health Effects An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 2011;174:211. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 1999;75:44756. 2010;86:37683. 2004;25:4957. The conclusions are shown in Table3. CAS To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. 2005;130:591600. 1999;9:3438. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Sci STKE. 2006;398:2537. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 2003;140:147. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Interphone study group. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. J Neurosci Methods. Bioelectromagnetics. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Int J Radiat Biol. P Nat Acad. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Koch C, Zador A. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. 2013;89:11007. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Annu Rev Physiol. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). J Neuro. Toxicol Sci. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. 2015;140:23646. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2003;11:346. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. 1992;6:379. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Am J Epidemiol. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2007;210:63544. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Google Scholar. Wang et al. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2011;107:35661. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;112:1715. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 2013;5:5500110. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects PubMedGoogle Scholar. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 2002;5:18995. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Int J Epidemiol. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2006;98:170713. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Clinics. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Nature. 2007;27:6024. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. 2012;62:22336. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. 2005;1042:1018. Physiol Behav. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). PLoS One. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett. Bioelectromagnetics. J Clin Oncol. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. 2017;38:106976. Electromagn Biol Med. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. 2004;115:1490505. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Biol Chem. Google Scholar. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. millimeter, or equivalently. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. J Natl Cancer Inst. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2003;14:2436. Sci Total Environ. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;21:6209. Mol Neurobiol. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. By using this website, you agree to our Mol Brain Res. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2013;42:428. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Bioelectromagnetics. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2006;79:13140. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2012;35:32534. Mol Cell Biol. Dasdag et al. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. 2013;34:26474. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2002;64:31353. Google Scholar. 2006;12:44651. Fragopoulou et al. Synapse. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. 2011;343:5224. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Professor, Asst Director at VIT [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2000;11:16413. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Rev Environ Health. Dasdag et al. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves.