why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. West Yorkshire, Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Mary was spared. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. One was debt. (*fragmentary*). After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. France was at war with England and Spain. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? 214 High Street, Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. - death of henry II. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Europe. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. . Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. - send 2000 to rebels. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The conspirators including Babington were all. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Doodle's Point of View JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Boston Spa, Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. They began to revolt against the Spanish. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Overview of Elizabeth I / Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. This increased tension between England and Spain. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. She was a Protestant. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Henry himself gave people cause . Boston Spa, Those who refused this were sent to prison. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Boston House, The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. VAT reg no 816865400. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Spain and France were the major European powers. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Boston Spa, Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. . One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Manage Settings He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Boston House, Topic guides / As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion.